Competition problems 2016

### 1 J

Given is a cubical-shaped boulder with an original volume of $216\,\text{m}^3$. What size is the surface of the boulder in $\text{m}^2$ after knocking out a cuboidal block of dimensions $1\,\text{m}\times 1\,\text{m}\times 2\,\text{m}$ as shown in the picture below?

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$216$

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### 2 J

The two friends Christoph and Jonas hit the jackpot and bought a nice rectangular property of dimensions $35\,\text{m}$ by $25\,\text{m}$. They are planning to build a twin house and share garden $G$ of size $300\, \text{m}^2$. The building floor plan can be seen in the picture:

(The distance between two neighboring grid lines is $5\,\text m$.) How far must wall $b$ intrude from one section of the twin house into the other one so that the base areas of the friends’ parts are equal?

Show result

$8.75\, \text{m}$

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### 3 J

Little Marcus wants to go to the beach. He owns the following distinguishable beach-outfits: 5 swimming trunks, 3 straw hats, 4 sunglasses and 5 T-shirts. To comply with the beach rules, he has to wear swimming trunks. Wearing sunglasses, hats and T-shirts is not obligatory at all, but if he puts on some outfit, he always takes at most one of each category. How many different ways are there for Marcus to appear in an appropriate outfit?

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$600$

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### 4 J

Laura spent her vacation in a rain forest. Each day it either rained in the morning, or it rained in the afternoon, or it rained the whole day. Laura enjoyed altogether 13 days, when it did not rain all the time, but experienced exactly 11 morning rains and 12 afternoon rains. How long was Laura’s vacation?

Show result

18 days

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### 5 J

Find the smallest non-negative integer solution of the equation $n-2\cdot \operatorname{Q}(n)=2016$, where $\operatorname{Q}(n)$ is the sum of the digits of $n$.

Show result

$2034$

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### 6 J

How many positive integers have the property that their first (i.e. leftmost) digit is equal to their number of digits?

Show result

$111\,111\,111$

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### 7 J

A paving consists of many pavers, one of which has the shape of a regular $n$-gon, completely surrounded by other pavers. When this paver is rotated by $48^\circ$ about its center, it fits again in its former position. What is the minimal $n$ for which this is possible?

Show result

15

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### 8 J

A day is called happy if its date written in the format DD.MM.YYYY consists of eight distinct digits—here DD fills in for the day, MM for the month and YYYY for the year, and if the day and the month is less than 10, a leading zero is prepended. For example, 26.04.1785 was a happy day. When is the next happy day (from now) going to be?

Show result

17.06.2345

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### 9 J

How many different planes contain exactly four vertices of a given cuboid?

Show result

$12$

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### 10 J

Little Sandra wants to draw a beautiful crescent using ruler and compass. First of all, she draws a circle with center $M_1$ and radius $r_1=3\ \text{cm}$. Then she sets the compass at a point $M_2$ of this circle and draws a second circle with radius $r_2$ which meets the first circle in antipodal points of a diameter through $M_1$, as shown in the picture below.

What is the area of the crescent $A$ in $\text{cm}^2$?

Show result

$9$

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### 11 J / 11 S

All servants of King Octopus have six, seven, or eight legs. The ones having seven legs always lie, whereas the ones having six or eight legs always tell the truth. One day, King Octopus assembled four of his servants and asked them how many legs the four of them had altogether. The first servant reported that the total number of legs was 25, the next one claimed 26, the third one said 27 and the last one 28. How many legs do the the king’s truth-telling servants (among these four) have in total?

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$6$

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### 12 J / 12 S

A shop sells bars of milk, white, and dark chocolate for the same price. One day, the shop earned 270 for the sold milk chocolate, 189 for the white chocolate, and 216 for the dark chocolate. What is the smallest total number of chocolate bars the shop could have sold on that day?

Show result

25

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### 13 J / 13 S

A father of five children wants to have pastries for his family for tea time. Based on painful experience he knows that he has to distribute either the same type or five different types of pastry to his children, or else all kinds of heavy dispute will arise among the kids. One day, after a long discussion without any consent on the type of pastries, he exasperatedly instructed his youngest daughter Anna: “You’ll go to the pastry shop and ask the salesgirl to give you $x$ pieces of pastries randomly! After you return home, each of the children shall get exactly one piece of pastry and the remaining pieces will be for mom and dad!” Assuming that the shop sells more than five types of pastry and it is always well stocked with every type, what number $x$ did the father choose in order to keep the peace among his children in any case and to keep the costs as low as possible at the same time?

Show result

$17$

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### 14 J / 14 S

What is the ratio of the area of a circle to the area of a square, perimeters of which are equal?

Show result

$4 : \pi$

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### 15 J / 15 S

In February, Paul decided to visit the Cocos Islands with his private jet. He took off from his mansion in Europe at 10:00 Central European Time (CET) and landed on the Islands the next day at 5:30 local time (Cocos Islands Time, CCT). When returning home, he started at 8:30 CCT and landed at 17:00 CET the same day. Assuming that the duration of the flight was the same in both cases, what was the time on the Cocos Islands when Paul returned home?

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22:30

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### 16 J / 16 S

The numbers $14$, $20$, and $n$ fulfill the following condition: Whenever we multiply any two of them, the result is divisible by the third one. Find all positive integers $n$ for which this property holds.

Show result

70, 140, 280

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### 17 J / 17 S

A rectangle is divided into two trapezoids along the line segment $x$ as in the picture below. The distance $PA$ is $10\,\text{cm}$ and $AQ$ is $8\,\text{cm}$. The area of the trapezoid $T_1$ is $90\,\text{cm}^2$ and the area of $T_2$ is $180\,\text{cm}^2$.

What is the length of the segment $x$ in $\text{cm}$?

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17

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### 18 J / 18 S

Elisabeth has harvested strawberries in her garden. She wants to distribute them to her four sons in such a way that each son gets at least three strawberries and Valentin receives more strawberries than Benedikt, Benedikt more than Ferdinand, and Ferdinand more than Michael. Each son knows his number of strawberries, the total number of strawberries distributed, and the above-mentioned conditions. How should Elisabeth distribute the strawberries in order to hand as few as possible of them and none of her sons is able to determine the whole distribution?

Show result

$(M,\, F,\, B,\, V) = (3,\, 5,\, 6,\, 8)$

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### 19 J / 19 S

We write all the integers from 1 to 1000 consecutively clockwise along the circumference of a circle. We now mark some of the numbers: Starting with 1, go clockwise and mark every 15th number (i.e. 16, 31 etc.). We continue this way, until we are forced to mark a number which we have already marked. How many numbers stay unmarked at the end of the procedure?

Show result

$800$

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### 20 J / 20 S

Find the sum of the seven marked interior angles of this $7$-pointed star (in degrees)!

Show result

$540^\circ$

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### 21 J / 21 S

Pupils were given the following exercise: They should compute the arithmetic mean of the numbers $1$, $3$, $6$, $7$, $8$, and $10$. However, Lucy chose a wrong approach: First she picked two of the numbers and computed their arithmetic mean. Then she computed the arithmetic mean of the result and some other number and repeated this step until she had used all the numbers. What is the largest absolute value of the error (i.e. the difference with the correct result) Lucy could have achieved?

Show result

17/6

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### 22 J / 22 S

Along one side of a straight road there are five street lights $L_1$, $L_2$, $L_3$, $L_4$, and $L_5$ lined up equally spaced $12\, \text{m}$ apart. On the other side of the road there is an ice cream shop. If Julien is standing at the entrance $E$ of the shop, the angle subtended at this point by $L_1$ and $L_2$ is $\alpha=27^\circ$. If he is standing at $L_5$, the angle at that point subtended by $L_1$ and $E$ is $27^\circ$, too.

What is the distance from $L_1$ to $E$?

Show result

$24\, \text{m}$

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### 23 J / 23 S

Clara chose two distinct integers from 1 to 17, inclusive, and multiplied them. Surprisingly, the product turned out to be equal to the sum of the remaining fifteen numbers. Find Clara’s two numbers.

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$10$ and $13$

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### 24 J / 24 S

How many $6$-tuples $(a, b, c, d, e, f)$ of positive integers satisfy $a > b > c > d > e > f$ and $a+f = b+e = c+d = 30$ simultaneously?

Show result

$\binom{14}{3}=364$

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### 25 J / 25 S

A timed bomb is equipped with a display showing the time before the explosion in minutes and seconds. It starts counting down with the value 50:00 on the display. A light bulb blinks whenever the displayed number of remaining minutes is equal to the displayed number of remaining seconds (e.g. 15:15) or when the four digits on the display read the same when reversed (e.g. 15:51). We can disable the bomb when the light blinks for the 70th time. What will be the time on the display then?

Show result

03:03

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### 26 J / 26 S

Five circles are tangent to each other as indicated in the figure. Find the radius of the smallest circle, if the radius of the big circle is $2$ and the two other circles with marked centers are of radius $1$.

Show result

$\frac 13$

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### 27 J / 27 S

In a casino, some people sat around a large table playing roulette. When Erich left that table carrying his assets of $16\,000$ euros away, the average balance of all players decreased by $1\,000$ euros. It diminished again by $1\,000$ euros, when the two gamblers Bettina and Elfi got into business at that table joining in with $2\,000$ euros each. How many players sat around the table while Erich was still gambling?

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$9$

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### 28 J / 28 S

In a cube $7\times7\times7$, each two neighboring unit cubes are separated by a partition. We want to remove some of the partitions so that each unit cube will become connected with at least one of the outer unit cubes. What is the minimum number of partitions to be removed?

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125

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### 29 J / 29 S

It is known that $20{\ast}{\ast}{\ast} 16$ is a 7-digit square of an integer. What are the three missing digits?

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909

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### 30 J / 30 S

Triangle $ABC$ with $AB = AC = 5\,\text{m}$ and $BC = 6\,\text{m}$ is partially filled with water. When the triangle lies on the side $BC$, the surface of the water is $3\,\text{m}$ above the side. What is the height in meters of the area filled with water when the triangle lies on the side $AB$?

Show result

$18/5$

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### 31 J / 31 S

There are six boxes numbered 1 to 6 and 17 peaches somehow distributed in them. The only move we are allowed to do is the following: If there are exactly $n$ peaches in the $n$-th box, we eat one of them and add the remaining $n-1$ peaches to the boxes $1$ to $n-1$, one to each box. What is the distribution of the peaches provided that we can eat all the peaches?

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$1,1,3,2,4,6$

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### 32 J / 32 S

A simple aerial lift with fixed two-person chairs operates on a mountain. 74 people are planning to travel upwards, whereas 26 passengers are waiting at the upper station. Exactly at noon, the lift starts working and a pair of people gets on the lift on both its stations; the rest of the passengers is then loaded continuously. At 12:16, the leading chair going upwards meets the last occupied chair going downwards, and at 12:22, the leading chair going downwards meets the last occupied chair going upwards. The distance between each two chairs on the rope is the same, the lift maintains constant speed, and all the passengers travel in pairs. How long does it take from the lower station to the upper (in minutes)?

Show result

26

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### 33 J / 33 S

Let $ABCD$ be a rhombus and $M$, $N$ points on the segments $AB$, $BC$ different from $A$, $B$, $C$ such that $DMN$ is an equilateral triangle and $AD = MD$. Find $\angle ABC$ (in degrees).

Show result

$100^\circ$

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### 34 J / 34 S

In how many ways is it possible to color the cells of a $2 \times 7$ table with green and yellow in such a way that neither green nor yellow L-trimino appears in the table?

Note: L-trimino is the following (possibly rotated) shape:

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130

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### 35 J / 35 S

Michael is a keen diamond collector, but so far he owns less than $200$ diamonds. He divided all his diamonds into several (at least two) piles in such a way that

• each two piles consist of different number of diamonds,
• none of these piles consists of exactly two diamonds,
• for each of these piles it holds that whenever it is divided into two smaller piles, at least one of these new piles has the same size as some previously existing one.

What is the greatest number of diamonds Michael can possess?

Note: A pile consists of a non-zero number of diamonds.

Show result

196

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### 36 J / 36 S

Recall that in the game of rock-paper-scissors we have three shapes: $R$ – rock, $P$ – paper and $S$ – scissors such that $S>P$, $P>R$, $R>S$ and $R=R$, $P=P$, $S=S$, where $A>B$ means ’$A$ beats $B$’ and $A=B$ means ’when $A$ is played against $B$, the game ends in a tie’. A tournament in Two Handed Rock-Paper-Scissors Without Repetition between players $P_1$ and $P_2$ consists of 9 games. In every game each player chooses a pair $(\ell_i,r_i)$ where $\ell_i$ and $r_i$ stand for shapes played by the left and right hand, respectively, of the player $P_i$. During the whole tournament each player must choose every possible pair exactly once. In a single game we distribute 4 points in the following way: the winner on each pair of playing hands (left/right) receives 2 points and the loser receives 0 points or both player receive 1 point if there is a tie in a pair of hands. Suppose that players are choosing their moves at random. What is the probability that each of the $9$ games in the tournament ends in a tie (i.e. with score 2:2)?

Show result

$3!^3/9!=1/1680$

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### 37 J / 37 S

The net of a solid consists of eight regular triangles and six squares, as shown in the picture:

Assuming that the length of each edge is $1\,\text{km}$, what is the volume of the solid (in $\text{km}^3$)?

Show result

$\frac 53 \sqrt 2$

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### 38 J / 38 S

Find the only three-digit prime factor of $999\,999\,995\,904$.

Show result

601

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### 39 J / 39 S

Thirteen bees: one little bee and twelve large bees are living on a 37-cell honeycomb. Each large bee occupies 3 pairwise adjacent cells and the little bee occupies exactly 1 cell (see the picture). In how many ways can the honeycomb be divided into 13 non-overlapping sectors so that all thirteen bees can be accommodated in accordance with the given restrictions?

Show result

20

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### 40 J / 40 S

Equilateral triangle $ABC$ is inscribed in circle $\omega$. Point $X$ is on the (shorter) arc $BC$ of $\omega$ and $T$ is the intersection of $AB$ and $CX$. If $AX = 5$ and $TX = 3$, find $BX$.

Show result

15/8

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### 41 J / 41 S

Let $ABC$ be an equilateral triangle. An interior point $P$ of $ABC$ is said to be shining if we can find exactly $27$ rays emanating from $P$ intersecting the sides of the triangle $ABC$ such that the triangle is divided by these rays into $27$ smaller triangles of equal area. Determine the number of shining points in $ABC$.

Show result

$\binom{26}{2} = 325$

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### 42 J / 42 S

How many positive divisors of $2016^2$ less than $2016$ are not divisors of $2016$?

Show result

$47$

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### 43 J / 43 S

Let Compute $Z_1 + Z_2 + \dots + Z_{2016}$.

Show result

$\frac12 (4033\sqrt{4033} - 1)$

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### 44 J / 44 S

We construct a sequence of integers $a_0, a_1, a_2 \dots$ in the following way: If $a_i$ is divisible by three, let $a_{i+1}=a_i /3$; otherwise let $a_{i+1}=a_i +1$. For how many different positive integers $a_0$ does the sequence reach the value $1$ for the first time in exactly eleven steps (i.e. $a_{11} = 1$, but $a_0, a_1, \dots, a_{10} \neq 1$)?

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423

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### 45 J / 45 S

Let $ABCD$, $AEFG$, and $EDHI$ be rectangles with centers $K$, $L$, $J$, respectively. Assume further that $A$, $D$, $E$ are inner points of line segments $HI$, $FG$, $BC$, respectively, and $\angle AED = 53^\circ$. Determine the size of $\angle JKL$ (in degrees).

Show result

$74^\circ$

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### 46 J / 46 S

James has picked several (not necessarily distinct) integers from the set $\{-1, 0, 1, 2\}$ in such a way that their sum equals $19$ and the sum of their squares is $99$. What is the greatest possible value of the sum of the cubes of James’ numbers?

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133

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### 47 J / 47 S

Find the largest 9-digit number with the following properties:

• all of its digits are different;
• for each $k=1,2,\ldots,9$, when the $k$-th digit is crossed out the resulting 8-digit number is divisible by $k$.

Show result

$876\,513\,240$

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### 48 J / 48 S

Point $P$ lies inside a rectangle $ABCD$ with $AB=12$. Each of triangles $ABP$, $BCP$, $DAP$ has its perimeter equal to its area. What is the perimeter of triangle $CDP$?

Show result

25

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### 49 J / 49 S

The pair of integers $(0,0)$ is written on a blackboard. In each step, we replace it in this way: If there is a pair $(a,b)$, we replace it with $(a+b+c,b+c)$, where either $c=247$ or $c=-118$ (we may choose the number $c$ in each step). Find the smallest (non-zero) number of steps after which the pair $(0,b)$ for some $b$ appears on the blackboard.

Show result

145

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### 50 J / 50 S

A zigzag consists of two parallel rays of opposite directions with the initial points joined with a segment. What is the maximum number of regions the plane can be divided into using ten zigzags?

Show result

416

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### 51 J / 51 S

Each face of a tetrahedron is a triangle with sides $1$, $\sqrt 2$, and $c$ and the circumradius of the tetrahedron is $5/6$. Find $c$.

Show result

$\sqrt{23}/3$

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### 52 J / 52 S

For a big welcome party butler James has lined up $2016$ cocktail glasses in a row, each containing delicious cherry cocktail. To finish things up, his task is to cover one of the glasses with a silver lid, to put a statue on top of the lid and to distribute an odd number of cherries into the uncovered glasses, at most one cherry per glass. How many possible arrangements of cherries and the lid are there if there have to be more cherries on the right-hand side of the lid than on its left-hand side?

Show result

$2016\cdot 2^{2013}$

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### 53 J / 53 S

We are given a wooden cube with its surface painted green. There are $33$ different planes, each located between some two opposite faces of the cube and parallel to them, which dissect the cube into small cuboidal blocks. Given that the number of blocks with at least one green face equals the number of blocks with no green faces, determine the total number of blocks into which the cube is dissected.

Show result

$1260$ or $1344$

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### 54 J / 54 S

Given a positive integer $n$, let $p(n)$ be the product of non-zero digits of $n$. Find the largest prime divisor of the number $p(1)+\dots+p(999)$.

Show result

103

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### 55 J / 55 S

Let $(a_n)_{n=1}^\infty$ be a strictly increasing sequence of positive integers such that $9\mid a_{3k-2}$, $14\mid a_{3k-1}$, and $19\mid a_{3k}$ for all positive integers $k$. Find the smallest possible value of $a_{2016}$.

Show result

14478

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### 56 J / 56 S

Let $P$ be a point inside triangle $ABC$. Points $D$, $E$, $F$ lie on the segments $BC$, $CA$, $AB$, respectively, such that the lines $AD$, $BE$, $CF$ intersect in $P$. Given that $PA=6$, $PB=9$, $PD=6$, $PE=3$, and $CF=20$, find the area of triangle $ABC$.

Show result

108

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### 57 J / 57 S

Find the last two digits before the decimal point of the number $(7 + \sqrt{44})^{2016}$.

Show result

05

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